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(For the topic of this thread, scroll down to Gnostic Studies).
This is going to be another thread that's hard to approach. It takes 300 pages to give outlines of Gnosticism so I can only give the crudest sketches while directing folks to primary source material.
Who, or what, where the Gnostics? A Christian sect is the easy answer, but you'll quickly find that their opponents painted them as immoral Godless heretics, and their modern extreme apologists like to paint them as innocent contemplative ascetics. The truth is either in between, or both; Gnosticism is not a monolithic ideology. It comes in many strains and flavors: Ophites, Sethites, Mandaeans, Valentineans, Barbeloites, etc., etc., etc., the list goes on. For better or worse, the literature on Gnosticism is better in German, so I'll be borrowing quotes from snippets of translation. RE: The nature of the Gnostic cults - Sloterdijk's distinction between libertine and ascetic Gnosis is illuminating:
>"The amoral style leads to a homeopathic ascetic: this weakens the Evil of sin, in that they are committed thoughtfully and ironically, as if by quota: the Gnostic embraces the sin and experiences thereby a critical decay in his own body, finally to climb out of the gutter fully burnt out. — The world is a pornographic purgatory, from which to filter the immaculate Pneumata. The abstaining style, in contrast, applies allopathic methods against the sickness of the World: against the poisons of the cosmos it administers immediate flight from the world as an antidote. Civil disobedience against the lower body, general strike against the astral works, bathings in tears, fasting of the heart."