To gain insight into the context in which the great imperial portraits of the fourth century AD were commissioned it helps to look at some literary sources which describe how Late Roman emperors wanted to be seen by their subjects. The following is an excerpt from an oration that was probably held in 289 AD at the court in Trier before emperor Maximian
>But far greater are those services which you have rendered in place of thanks when the imperium was bestowed upon you: […] to stand on such a lofty summit of human affairs as to gaze down, as it were, on every land and sea, and to survey in turn with eyes and mind where calm weather is assured, where storms threaten, to observe which governors emulate your justice, which commanders maintain the glory of your courage […] (Panegyrici Latini 10,3)
A later oration held around the year 310 AD also at Trier in front of Constantine the Great includes this passage:
>For it is a wonderful thing, beneficent gods, a heavenly miracle, to have as emperor a youth whose courage, which is even now very great, nonetheless is still increasing, and whose eyes flash and whose awe inspiring yet agreeable majesty dazzles us at the same time as it invites our gaze. (Panegyrici Latini 6,17)
And the entrance of Constantius II into the city of Rome from the year 357 AD is described by Ammianus Marcellinus like this:
>Accordingly, being saluted as Augustus with favoring shouts, while hills and shores thundered out the roar, he never stirred, but showed himself as calm and imperturbable as he was commonly seen in his provinces. For he both stooped when passing through lofty gates (although he was very short), and as if his neck were in a vice, he kept the gaze of his eyes straight ahead, and turned his face neither to right nor to left, but (as if he were a lay figure) neither did he nod when the wheel jolted nor was he ever seen to spit, or to wipe or rub his face or nose, or move his hands about. (Ammianus Marcellinus)