Bell Beaker pottery spread across western and central Europe beginning around 2750 BCE before disappearing between 2200-1800 BCE. The mechanism of its expansion is a topic of long-standing debate, with support for both cultural diffusion and human migration. We present new genome-wide ancient DNA data from 170 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 100 Beaker-associated individuals. In contrast to the Corded Ware Complex, which has previously been identified as arriving in central Europe following migration from the east, we observe limited genetic affinity between Iberian and central European Beaker Complex-associated individuals, and thus exclude migration as a significant mechanism of spread between these two regions.
However, human migration did have an important role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, which we document most clearly in Britain using data from 80 newly reported individuals dating to 3900-1200 BCE. British Neolithic farmers were genetically similar to contemporary populations in continental Europe and in particular to Neolithic Iberians, suggesting that a portion of the farmer ancestry in Britain came from the Mediterranean rather than the Danubian route of farming expansion.
Beginning with the Beaker period, and continuing through the Bronze Age, all British individuals harboured high proportions of Steppe ancestry and were genetically closely related to Beaker-associated individuals from the Lower Rhine area. We use these observations to show that the spread of the Beaker Complex to Britain was mediated by migration from the continent that replaced >90% of Britain's Neolithic gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the process that brought Steppe ancestry into central and northern Europe 400 years earlier.
Yeah shit, so we went from a comfy peaceful matriarchal society to the patriarchal chad culture we have today and hate so much. >steppe niggers are the worst
Gabriel Scott
>chad culture Lol
James Clark
You're retarded. Matriarchy=chad culture and steppic patriarchy= Elliot's dream society.
Neolithic farmers were cucked all day, every day by big hunter gatherer chads because that's what the matriarchy wanted while never allowing farmer guys to hook up with hunter girls.
Jacob Collins
I think you have it backwards. Why would people choose the guy who only has food every other week over the dude with the constant supply? It wasn't just about looks back then, there was more at stake.
Jason Cruz
Please negrito, steppe nigger culture is prime example of patriarchy chads >my horse is faster >I am stronger than you >look at my bow >the weak should fear the strong >oh me so powerful >all womenz must obey me And so on.
In matriarchy you had an easy time, was mommas boy, had a couple relations that resulted in a couple children, but it was easy because it was free love anyway and you didn't have much responsibility as a father. Also, do some gardening, some subsistence farming, hunting and fishing, eat shrooms, fuck milfs, have a great time.
Steppe Chads robbed us of our peaceful paradise!
Robert Wood
Literally retarded. When women have power they choose to breed with Chad and cuck Elliot because that's what their biological instincts tell them to do.
In a patriarchal society there is no Chad because women don't have the power to decide who gets to breed and who doesn't, the social hierarchy does.
Jordan Russell
Dude...
Matthew Moore
>In a patriarchal society there is no Chad You just went full retard!
Julian Long
We're talking about societies different enough from our own that concepts like Chads and betas aren't applicable but still Chad is someone who appeals to women and these individuals have existed everywhere and forever as have their opposities. The way I see it, in the steppe you could be a fully Chad like individual but your life could have sucked if you were born to the lowest status family so you would have died a virgin fighting the enemy tribe while the chiefs son had a harem despite being ugly as shit. That's just how it works, social status trumps everything in patriarchy.
Jacob Morales
Sorry mate, I know, the feels. It hurts me to when I think about it and what a paradise garden we could have if it wouldn't be for this Indo-European assholes. I only hope we make it back to the matriarchal society in time so I can see it with my own eyes. But it will be hard to get all that steppe nigger culture out of our system and can become peaceful naturalists once again!
Matthew Cruz
We always had Chads and will always have them. It is just with the patriarchal society they took over a leadership role they where never meant to have. And hence we are all in this shit nightmare called society. In matriarchal society, Chad would be simply fuck toys for successful milfs, and get pampered a bit, but no one would give them real power!
Blake Morales
And what if your father is a Chad patriarch and you're without any Chad traits?
You could still get a massive harem and live a good life because of your social status and have everyone you feel threatened by killed. Sure, you might also be overthrown but if you have loyal supporters, you might not.
David Anderson
Note egalitarian enough, plus I don't need a harem. I don't want to control women, Id rather prefer to have ongoing relations and affairs, and if it fits a series of monogamous or semi-monogamous relations. Like live together in harmony. Also this constant strive for power, wealth and influence is boring and tiresome. I'd rather have us be peaceful subsistence farmers that share and help each others. It wouldn't be less, it would be more for everybody.
Ryan Rodriguez
It wasn't that peaceful anyway. There was some pretty extreme group cannibalism going on.
You do understand that those societies still had kingship, class struggle and so on? Shut up about things you don't understand.
Jack Gomez
>class struggle
Not a real thing. And no, a "kingship" isn't necessarily the only form of government. You can have a council of villagers to decide things.
Samuel Baker
But those societies you describe did have kingship, the king just got his power from marrying into the females royal family and ruling her tribe/people. Priests still took posession of land, taxed it, took slaves. Don't romanticize it so hard.
Landon Rodriguez
Nonsense. There can't be kings if there are no kingdoms and there's no evidence that there were any. There were chiefs at best.
Also, neolithic burials don't indicate that this was the norm.
Tyler Stewart
Class struggle is absolutely a real thing, what a truly thick person you must be to deny it. Ever since the classical period, people have been writing about the struggle between the classes, the "social war" as the Greeks called it.
Caleb Brooks
Have you ever read anything on the subject? Kingship is something very well documented throughout european and near eastern history since the beginning of time.
What do you think where all the myths about contest for the hand of a maiden come from?
What about early Sumer? Harappa/Mohendscho Dharo? Women had a high position in the hierarchy, still men ruled. It has ALWAYS been like that. Our biology drives us to this.
Noah Kelly
I bet you are some gentle-femdom faggot from /r9k/ who never really read himself into the topic. Go watch your cuckold porn and sing hippie songs and leave historical discussion to people who have the balls to acknowledge their nature, the nature of women and social dynamics
Ayden Williams
You have no idea what you're talking about. Neolithic Europe has nothing to do with Mohanjo Daro. It's completely unrelated. There were no kingdoms in Europe and there were no large scale wars. There might have been small scale battles between villages or even clusters of villages but the warfare wasn't an endemic aspect of that period as opposed to later periods.
