Your Local Folklore Creatures

Dearest Veeky Forums,

We had a pretty lengthy and satisfying Yokai Thread a few weeks ago about describing some of the many wacky and varied Yokai of Japan and I'd like to do something similar in the sense that:

Could you please describe (in as best detail as you can: habits, diet, etc, treat it as if it were almost a real creature if it helps) some of the local folklore, urban legend, or otherwise mythical creatures you've known from your own culture, heritage, you've come from? It could be something you were told about in ghost stories or cautionary tales, or it could be something you, yourself, even experienced as a half-lucid child.

Other urls found in this thread:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Folklore_of_the_Southern_United_States)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Kroger)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Bones
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_mythology
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Monster
whitedragon.org.uk/articles/blackann.htm
twitter.com/NSFWRedditVideo

Well, alright, I guess I'll just lead through example:

>Werewolves
Not originally native to Canada, but actually introduced here by the french. Werewolves are either people who've consistently sinned or done evil for 7 years in a row or are otherwise innocent people who've been bitten by other werewolves. The development of the curse has nothing to do with the actual cycle of the moon and instead has to due to with an incubation period of 110 days exactly, afterwards: a person will then shed their skin and become a werewolf, after their first transformation though, they'll turn back into a human the next day and have a Wolfskin left over- they can then put it back on to become a werewolf whenever the desire.
Werewolves that are caused by sin can be controlled and commanded by virtuous people, priests, and powerful pagans. Werewolves are allergic to silver and can be cured using Wolfsbane/Aconitum.

>Ogopogo
The Ogopogo is a lake serpent that lives in the Okanagan Lake in the Okanagan Valley, BC. The creature has a horse-like head with sharp teeth, short goat-like horns, with four flippers and a long serpentine body about 15-20ft long. Ogopogo was originally described as a "River Spirit" or "Demon" by the Native Americans during colonial times, due to being quite an aggressive carnivore: breaching out of the water and onto the shore to attack deer, moose, even bears and people. In ye olde times people were so frightened by the creature that colonists would put armed guards up to protect their rafts, fisherman, etc, from the creature.
The Ogopogo doesn't have any supernatural weaknesses or abilities and is more of a cryptid. "Rattlesnake" island has a large cave underneath it where the beasts crawls into to lay their eggs or overwinter if it's too cold.

>Memphis
>Local folklore monsters
Unfortunately we don't have any, we just have the heroin den at the end of the street and that fat guy who has loud phone arguments at 2 AM while pacing in his underwear.

More like a family belief, but my relatives from venezuela used to tell stories about demon butterflies. The butterflies are described as having a wingspan of several feet. If you saw them flying you had to look away, and if they stuck to your windows you had to pull down the blinds as soon as possible. The folklore goes that their spread wings describe a demon's face, with two large eyes that cast a curse on whoever looks into them that makes them deathly sick.

Now that I think about it there were a lot of folklore stories related to bugs and illnesses.

There's also the crier. A demon that takes the shape of a woman with pale blue skin, jet black hair that covers her face and noticeably swollen breasts. She appears at night by the rivers and on lake shores frantically searching while crying for help searching for her baby. If you answer her call she shows you her jet black irises and a mouth lined with needle-like teeth before dragging you under to kill.

>Cabbit
I actually saw one of these as a child: it was just idling around on an empty road in a neighborhood that had begun to be developed, when I went to go look at it though it dashed into a nearby patch of tall grass. Cabbits have the upper body of a house cat and the lower body of a hare and up until I was 16 or so I was 100% convinced they were a real animal as the concept didn't seem to farfetch'd.

>Kelpie
Across Canada there are these shallow, dinky little, bodies of water or ponds called "kettles", that were left behind by glaciers thawing and leaving behind an intend for water: in these little ponds is where the kelpie lives. Kelpies look almost exactly like horses, but are a kind of blueish to black teal colour, have a second eye-lid like a snake, and their mane is 'waxy' and greasy. Kelpies are carnivorous and in between eating things like fish, frogs, waterfowl, and livestock; they'll also gladly eat people, hiding in the mud before biting them on the neck and holding them below the water to drown them. Kelpies are the reason people seem to drown in water that isn't even 5ft deep.
Kelpies won't eat or attack horses- they even travel with wild/feral horses when searching for other ponds to avoid detection.

Long Island doesn't really have much in the ways of folklore creatures, besides stuff like the Montauk Monster (which was a decaying raccoon) and the Montauk Project (which is bunk). Camp Hero is pretty cool, though; can't go near the abandoned buildings anymore which kind of sucks.

I guess you could count the occasional pockets of Nazis that were around in the 30s and 40s as folklore creatures, maybe. There's still a Hitler Street in Yaphank.

When I was a kid, I would always sneak out of my room at night, and on a couple occassions, I even snuck out to play in the yard at night. Looking back, it probably wasn't the best idea. My parents told me about a "man" named Bloody Bones that wandered around at night and ate children, and that he could smell you if you didn't take a bath. They eventually told me this was all bs, and that they just thought it would keep me from running out in the night, but it sort of worked a little too well. It was only reinforced later on when a kid at school told me a similar story of "Bloody Bones".

When I was a kid, I also had a dream about this shadowy "Muppet-like" creature that silently wandered the house at night. It wasn't purposefully malicious, but it seemed creepy as fuck.

When I was a kid, we had a cat named Piddle that was like what you described. It's front half was a cat, and it's back half was more like a lynx or whatever, and when it ran, it would jump and bound like a rabbit. So, what you saw might have just been a cat like that.

I'm no animal expert, but maybe cats that lose their tail during a developmental stage have poor balance and begin to move like that.

She was a real weirdo, though.

Same with the house wanderer. Mine was a robot because all the light switches had little red lights so you could find them in the dark. As a kid all I could think when I saw them at night was that they were robot eyes staring at me.

Kelpies lure people to mount them then carry the victim into the water to drown. They can be identified as they are always wet.

Been trying to write it like you asked OP but I just can't make it sound right
I live in Minnesota, and we get allot of Norse/Native American vibes in out area, particularly wendigo, but those are pretty over done, I think.
What we had that I think was exclusive to our little unincorporated town was ghostly Vikings.
I'd even seen them, I think.
Bigger boats than the fishermen used, bigger than the barges the natives used to spear fish even. Sails furled in, oars going. Drums that carried all around the lake.
Most fishermen have seen them at one point or another, usually at dawn, before the mists of Lake Ontario had yet cleared out.
Most of us that didn't have a farm bought our food from the Amish, who set up little roadside markets all year, weather depending.
One of them was complaining that men in armor, with helmets with tangled antlers walked through his squash patch, but when he stepped outside to yell at them he couldn't breath because it had suddenly turned well below freezing.
As proof he showed his ears, which did have a bit of black from frostbite on them. Hadn't even started to blister yet since it had only happened the previous night.
Keep in mind that this was sometime in August of 2002 or so, so there's not really a way for an Amish dude, who don't use electricity (or written words for that matter) to give himself frostbite in like a freezer or something.
Out little town had snap freezes like that all the time too, being right next to the Vortexs path and Lake Ontario, so as a kid I was haunted by nightmares of antlered men patrolling around the decrepit farmhouse I lived in

I actually made a Shadowrun campaign that featured them lol

There's a shit ton of Ghost Pirates that troll the coast of the Outer Banks. Mostly it's just Blackbeard who's still looking for his severed head

Was searching through the folkore of my area on wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Folklore_of_the_Southern_United_States)
I had no idea that murder kroger was "folk lore"
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Kroger)

Not sure about creatures in my area besides the occasional bigfoot claims. If something like that did show up, it would probably be riddled with bullet holes

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Bones
Bloody bones has been around for a while, apparently

>The bunyip is a large mythical creature from Australian Aboriginal mythology, said to lurk in swamps, billabongs, creeks, riverbeds, and waterholes.

They're usually described as a sort of beast like creature that will snatch, drown and eat people who get too close to a billabong.

This story resonated with me the first time I read it, I grew up in NC rather than Alabama but anyone who's lived deep in the southeastern mountains has heard some variant of this

Back in high school I was on Cross Country and spent a great deal of time on a wooded trail near our school. Two totally bullshit legends came from this, one of my own creation: The Volass. It had the wings of an eagle, the head of a giant fire ant, the body of a fair maiden, and the lower body and legs of a T-Rex. It ate freshmen, hibernated during the summer and came out to hunt during the fall and winter. I don't know why I made it's design so stupid, but as team shaman no one ever questioned it.

The other legend was the penis god shrine which was just some rocks stacked to look like a penis.

There's the Spectre of the Thoroughbred on the campus of MTSU.

One out the college's prized thoroughbreds was buried at an unmarked grave so that no one would do anything weird with the body. Rumour has it that, when a lot of modernization construction was done back in the fall of 2010, they dug it up and cursed the campus. Literally everyone that semester nearly failed their classes and campus lost a lot of its funding.

The campus itself is already so full of curses that there's literally a blue horseshoe statue built to give you good luck and release you from their curses.

some folklore from my home elsass !
>the firmann
the firmann is a man with a great mantle and a hat that hide his face, either in fire or with a blazing heart
if you say it's name, he will hug you and burn you to cinder
>the summer witch
in summer, they appear when it's very hot and summon thunderstorm. They look like woman with hair made of fire or lightning. if you meet one or anger one, she cause you a heatstroke or make a lightning fall on your face.

Isn't that just a crocodile?

I don't know about other short tailed cat breeds, but Japanese Bobtails have longer back legs so they end up with some rabbit like movement:

Everyone always says this one, but I think the Wendigo is pretty fucking slick.

Basically it's a vaguely human cannibalistic monster. Its generally described as an emaciated, and sometimes gigantically tall humanoid. No matter how much it eats, it'll never get full, and just becomes more and more ravenous over time.

It's also often described as an evil spirit, which is the part that I like. The idea is that if you're excessively greedy, or if you hoard food in times of scarcity (like during the winter), or if you indulge in cannibalism, you may invite an evil Wendigo spirit into yourself. This causes you to become irrationally hungry for human flesh, and try as you might to resist, you'll eventually succumb and kill and devour all your loved ones.

The best part is that there are reported cases of Algonquin people believing that they're transforming into a Wendigo and engaging in acts of cannibalism. This phenomenon is called Wendigo Psychosis, and is unique to the Algonquin people.

Here in Colorado the only interesting thing that isn't a furred trout or a Jackalope or a living dinosaur is the Slide Rock Bolter, a mountain whale that eats tourists:

> In the mountains of Colorado, where in summer the wood are becoming infested with tourist, much uneasiness has been caused by the presence of the slide-rock bolter. This frightful animal lives only in the steepest mountain country where the slopes are greater than 45 degrees. It has an immense head, with small eyes, and a mouth somewhat on the order of a sculpin, running back beyond its ears. The tail consist of a divided flipper, with enormous grab-hooks, which it fastens over the crest of the mountain or ridge, often remaining there motionless for days at a time, watching the gulch for tourists or any other hapless creature that may enter it. At the right moment, after sighting a tourist, it will lift its tail, thus loosening its hold on the mountain, and with its small eyes riveted on the poor unfortunate, and drooling thin skid grease from the corners of its mouth, which greatly accelerates its speed, the bolter comes down like a toboggan, scooping in its victim as it goes, its own impetus carrying it up the next slope, where it again slaps its tail over the ridge and waits. Whole parties of tourists are reported to have been gulped at one scoop by taking parties far back into the hills. The animals is a menace not only to tourist but to the woods as well. Many a draw through spruce-covered slopes has been laid low, the trees being knocked out by the roots or mowed off as by a scythe where the bolter has crashed down through from the peaks above.

Now for some of the 'scarier' ones I remember:

>Bloody Mary
Everybody damn well knew about Bloody Mary, so I'm just going to tell how or what she was as far as I knew.
Bloody Mary is an evil spirit that basically just murders anyone foolish enough to summon her, typically children or adolescents. I forget, but I vaguely remember in order to summon her you must go into a dark bathroom only lit by candle light, splash water onto a mirror, spin yourself around ten times while saying 'Bloody Mary', splash water onto your face, then finally look into the mirror- she then crawls out and kills everybody.
Bloody Mary was described as a girl with no skin, no eyes, black hair, and wearing a white dress that was spotless despite her being skinned.

>Ramen Noodle Tapeworms
Ramen noodle tapeworms were parasitic organisms that would disguise themselves as the dried bricks of noodles you'd get in packets of ramen. Unlike 'real' tapeworms, ramen tapeworms allegedly survived the drying process to make these ramen noodles and as soon as you consumed them the water in your stomach would revive them and they'd go on to live in your body like any other parasite- nobody had an explanation on how they repdoced or got onto the ramen packages to begin with.
The only way to be safe from these worms was to never eat the instant noodle brick 'raw' and to always properly boil your ramen so as to kill all possible worms.

Was your bloody mary actually called that or are you translating it into english? It'd be a tad weird for an anglophone country to have a urban myth specifically to spook kids from eating raw instant ramen, but then again globalization's a bitch

There are a few out here, in the Hemet/ Temecula area of Southern California, mostly native American legends, and universal urban legends, such as "road to hell" and "Satanist cult in the abandoned home." Things that are found everywhere so have no grain of truth. However we do have:

>The Tauquitch Witch.
Saboba Indians have a legend that a powerful witch lived and died near the summit of Mt. San Jacinto. The Sobaba say the witch was a women, while the Morango say it was a man. Ether way it is said that they where ancient, till they encouted a white man, who killed them. So they cursed the Hemet-San Jacinto, so that anyone born in the valley is doomed to die there unless they leave threw a specific pass, that is never named, tho most think it's Lambs Canton, cause it's mostly man made. Earthquakes are also blamed on them, such as the 1910 earth quake that killed dozens of Saboba, and rendered the valley in half. (Just drive down San Jacinto street and just past the cemetery just before you hit the City of San Jacinto proper, there is steep decline. That is from the earthquake, and it runs threw the valley.) They are also the reason for the spoopy sounds the limestone makes on the mountain, and why so many people have killed themselves up there. I used the legend in a Scion game.

Did it by any chance ask you to do something?

>Patupaiarehe

Creatures from Maori myth that act very much like Sidhe. They are meant to live in misty areas such as mountains and valleys and they often spirit away children. They are meant to be beautiful pale white skin the and either white or red hair. It's a little known fact that the Maori word for white people pakeha originates from these creatures.

I can't say I have ever seen one or anything like that but I did grow up on a farm where we had plenty of fairy rings and misty mornings. I liked to imagine how they would interact with fay that came over from England and Ireland with my ancestors, whether or not they got along or were still waging some form of unseen war under our noses.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_mythology
i cant believe no major rpg has used any myths from, my homeland. We have a origin myth for them thats basically "an evil spirit kidnapped a chieftain's daughter, fought the war god and was cursed by the allfather so that their offspring woud be demons. their seven kids are
Jasy Jatere, or the moon child a small pale blue eyed blond kid that kidnaps kids that stray in the forest to drown them
Teju Jagua, A dragon like thing with the body of a lizard/gator and seven dog heads and whose eyes are on fire that guards the forest
Moñai, whose got different interpretations from a massive rainbow coloured snake that hypnotises people to some hairy bigfoot like motherfucker
Ao Ao, a massive sheep looking monster that likes to hunt down things, specially people and the only way to avoid it is to climb up a coconut tree
Mboi Tu'i a massive snake with a parrot head and legs
And kurupi, the rape goblin with a dick so long that it wraps it around its waist
there are others as well however, such as pombero, Ka'aguy pora, luiso etc

>The Masca

Typical of my area. A Masca is basically some kind of witch, always female, and always looking like an old, ugly woman. They're not evil per-se, but apparently if you see or talk to them, you will be cursed with misfortune, famine or even death. Apparently, they cal also shapeshift into animals like cats or chickens and kill crops and cattle with a word or a touch.
They're not completely evil, as there are stories of a Masca helping a troubled family, especially single moms and children.
The Masca powers are passed from mother to daughter. I was told that my great-grandmother knew a woman who, when she was little, had her dying grandmother ask her if she wanted to carry on the tradition and become a Masca. The woman refused, and the old lady touched a potted plant near her bed, and died. The plant immediately dried up and turned into dust.

So apart of the tipical stuff like Dragons (the local one was killed be a Duke than wore an armor full of iron spikes, and when the dragon tried to swallow him he got caught, the dragon in pain fled to near a hill and died there), we have quite a few, from more or less tipical elfs/goblins called Follets or Joanets, Cyclope like Marmajors, Giants, Mermaids (from River one called alojas to Dones Peix or Fish-woman), Ent like being from the Ginebreda or Home d'escorça,half animals from Homes Llop to the Muladona or Donkey woman and a few other.
I specially like the Minairons or very small familiars than can make a Castle over night, you carry them in a little cigar shaped thing (without the tobaco) called a canut, and when you open it they say "Treball o Menjar" more or less Work or eat in a very fast way, if you fail to give them a task at the third time, they will eat you.
Another one than were actual people where the Golluts or Dwarfs from Ribes, they sufered from a goiter and the locals despised them, so they only could reproduce between themselves, had they own entry to the church, and was said they could speak with beast, so they were praised as god tier sheepherders.

Sweden here, we have lil house gnome boiz that watch the house. On christmas eve you'd put out a bowl of milk for them, that's enough. Otherwise, they start stealing shit, start spooking the animals, do all that stuff. But if you keep it happy it'll be a good boy and watch your house from stuff like fires, other gnomes, elves, goblins, rats, etc.

Basically, a small inhabitant living in some nook that believes that the house is as much theirs as it is the family inside.

Sounds like a tipical house elf, from an Hobgoblin, Domovoi, Duende, etc.
I think all Yurop has a tradition about them, with lots of local variations. Lots of them are autistic as fuck and get irritated easy.

Yeah. I have one in my house, well I mean, I don't really, no way that shit real, but I like to believe I have. The last dude who inhabited it drank himself to death and the house itself was a glorified shack, empty of almost all furniture except for a somewhat disconcerting painting, and an old garden gnome figure overlooking the kitchen. We still keep it there, just in case.

Yeah, better keep them happy, duende literally means owner of the house in Spain, probably a tradition from pre-roman times mixed with the lares in Roman times, it was tradition to only clean the fireplace (called hogar or llar, that also means the house) in the longest night, so the spirit/duende than have the tradition of going to fey business this night doesn't get angry, tough in Spain they have the tradition of following the family too.

I come from West Virginia and we have two popular mythical creatures.

> moss man
A victim of some sort of traveling accident (the story varies from a horse and buggy capsizing to an eighteen wheeler running off the highway) is pinned down to the forest floor by the wreckage of his vehicle. His wounds are slowly overcome with fungus and moss that begin to digest his body alive. Eventually enough time passes that the wreck is cleared and the half man half plant creature is freed to wander the forest forever. His partially destroyed brain making him unable to fully remember his life from before.

> Mothman
This is a weird one because the stories surrounding Mothman are all over the place. Sometimes he's a demon come to earth for the souls of the tempted, sometimes it is the product of some horrible scientific tampering. Other times he's simply a beast. The part that remains the same is that the appearance of Mothman is always a terrible omen followed by disaster and tragedy. All who claim to see him meet their end soon after.

Tell us about the raccoon!

Weird animal washes up, looks like a rubbery little doglike fuck with no fur or lips or anything. People think its a mole alien or some shit. Turns out it's a waterlogged, decaying raccoon.

Hey, I was thinking of making a thread asking if anyone knew the origins of some creatures in the MMO Ragnarok Online but I didn't know if I should post it on Veeky Forums or /x/

So, I used to play this game when I was a kid and I was particularly intrigued by some of the mobs in it, but looking for pieces of lore from the game itself or actual irl folklore was frustrating. I managed to learn more about some like the japanese nine tailed fox(before all Naruto bullshit) using google, but others only led me to pages related to the game. Do you mind if I use this thread to ask these questions?

>Do you mind if I use this thread to ask these questions?

Go ahead.
I'm sure if you list of names, descriptions, even if brief- someone will come and start telling you what they are, etc..

Pick isn't the specific tree in either story but there are several folk tales about trees and their evil influence on graves in New England. There's a story of a family line in which an evil tree began spreading it's roots over the family plot, every time the root crossed a person's gravesite they were destined to die soon after. There is also the case of Roger Willaims, who was buried under the boughs of an apple tree when no local graveyard had space. When he was disenterred several years later to be properly buried on holy ground it was found that the tree roots had broken into his coffin and consumed his body, the roots are displayed still in Rhode island

Sideways pictures are what I get for phoneposting, oh well

There is also the case of early New England grave art. Puritan law forbade the creation of art, music, etc. Which curiously failed to apply to gravestones. Common themes are "death's heads" (depicted in picture) similar to cherubim but specifically not the same as a common motif was skulls with wings instead of childlike faces. There is also the mysterious influence of pagan motifs in grave art like suspiciously breastlike pineapples or even mermaids in some instances.

I also chose pic related because describing someone's days as "few and evil" seems a particularly gruesome way to send a family member to the afterlife.

>A Bunyip will snatch, drown and eat people who get too close to a billabong.
Preferable swagmen, depending on whether or not they have a tucker-bag.

Thanks
I'll start with the pic related of my previous post. That's the "Evil/Dark Snake Lord" a white serpent wearing a traditional asian nobility hat(sorry for my ignorance on this piece of clothing) involved by some kind of dark matter with a face and holding an ink pot and paintbrush. It is the boss of the dungeon in the city of Kunlun, a floating island part of the "Global Project" that introduced several new towns based on different countries and their cultures. Kunlun is based on ancient Taiwan. The map where the Snake Lord waits is called Arcadia and that's... completely unrelated to any kind of asian folklore as far as I know, unlike the name Kunlun

Other mobs that caught my attention are the Munak, Bongun and Yao Jun. They are clearly based on the Jiang Shi, but Bongun, a male, appears only in the Payon dungeon, this town is based on ancient Korea, while Yao Jun, also male, only shows up on the Louyang dungeon, The Royal Tomb, part of the Global Project and based on ancient China. But Munak, the female Jiang Shi lives on both dungeons. Ingame lore heavily implies Bongun and Munak were once lovers. Maybe someone knows if their names were based on any irl tale about loving nobles?

These other ones have almost no backstory. Sorry
>Kraben, a ghost boy with straw baskets wrapped on his hands. Dungeon of Ayothaya, based on thai culture
>Jing Guai and Mao Guai, a demon wearing a leopard's skin and a anthropomorphic cat using a folding fan(one of his drops is called Folding Fan of Cat Ghost) with wind powers. Dungeon of Louyang, based on chinese culture
>Chepet, a blonde girl with a some goblin creature coming out of a purse holding a matchstick. Appears in the Toy Factory, a christmas themed dungeon. Pic related
>Sohee, appears to be a crying ghost girl, but is actually listed as a demon. Drops "Nurse Cap" "Authorative Badge" and "Skirt of Virgin" if these can give any clue. Payon dungeon, based on korean culture

Quinkins

Shadow Spirits which occur in two types.

The first being Timara, who are actually mischevious and often use these tricks, pranks and misfortunes to spare people from other misfortunes. For instance slashing your waterbags near a billabong (a fresh water lagoon) which forces your group to stay near the billabong, which in turn keeps you out of the path of a bushfire which would have killed you. They are oppossed to the second type of Quinkin.

The Imjim, who kidnap, torture and devour piece by piece alive children, elderly and the weak, drinking their blood and taunting their victims loved ones by leaving bones or imitating the screams and sound of distress of their victims to their loved ones.

The Timara are the tall ones, the Imjim the small ones. The kids books by Percy Trezisw are actually full of pretty cool Australian Aboriginal folklore

>Uomo Selvatico, or Ghero where I come from.
A common old piece of Italian sub-alpine folklore is the "Wild Man". Generally an animal-like hermit, either completely covered in hair or plants, he is supposed to be relatively benevolent whenever he comes down from the mountains he lives in to teach the valley folk the secrets of animal husbandry. He has a supernatural understanding of the mountains, and taught people how to make butter, cheese, honey and how to mine. However, in most legends he is often snubbed by the valley folk, who refuse to listen to many of his teachings or sometimes even outright run him out of their villages. Because of this, they are doomed to never learn most of the Wild Man's other prized secrets, such as being able to turn common milk into precious oil.

>Dahu
This one's a classic which you'll hear about in any European mountain region. It's a type of deer with legs shorter on one side, to make moving along the mountain slopes easier. However, it can only move in one direction, depending on which of its legs are shorter. Supposedly there are two breeds which, while being practically identical, cannot breed with each other, as one species always moves clock-wise while the other can only move counter-clockwise.

>Singapore
I did up notes on various ghosts during my conscription in the Army. People took them very seriously there, to the point where some Regulars would have a passing knowledge in how to avoid, adjure or placate them.

>Pontianak
Nearly everyone who has spent a lot of time outfield will know someone with a pontianak story.

Native to south-east Asia, the pontianak is the restless ghost of a woman who died in childbirth. They wander around forests, cemeteries, and deserted and lightless roads, preying exclusively on men. While their appearance varies, they generally take on the form of gaunt women with long, unkempt hair. During the day, the Pontianak's spirit hides in banana trees.
>Warning signs
A pontianak can be detected by the smell of apples/jasmine flowers/citrus, which gets stronger and headier as it approaches. Nocturnal animals will flee, and stray dogs will begin to cower. This is very important to two soldiers stuck in a listening post in the middle of a forest, because the ghost's laughter, initially loud, will sound more distant the closer it gets to you, until you turn around and see it squatting five paces away.
>Ability
Pontianak are supernaturally strong and agile. A popular story has a man pulled apart by one, limb from limb, as his wife watches from their locked car. Their slap, usually when striking from ambush, can cause unnatural illnesses and consistent nightmares, and they have been sighted effortlessly leaping across the treetops in forest canopies. A single pontianak can possibly cover ground very quickly, as forward sentries have reported unusual sightings mere seconds before soldiers see them right in the middle of the deployment zone, staring from the branches of a tree.

(Continued in next post)

>Confrontation
Unlike the restless spirits that randomly blight or possess people in virgin forest grounds and promptly get BTFO by the unit's resident Taoist/Muslim/Christian, I have never personally learnt of a case of people going toe to toe with a Pontianak. They tend to avoid big groups, give very faithful people (Christians especially) a wide berth, and have been chased away by anyone carrying holy items or an Officer's beret (which we actually get blessed by one holy man from each of Singapore's official religions). Failing all of this, soldiers have kept their distance, maintained eye contact and slowly backed away around a corner/bend/tree, then high-tailed towards their friends and safety.

>Addendum
If you feel like fucking around with a Pontianak you can tie a red string to your finger, attach the other end to a nail, and hammer it into a banana tree with a Pontianak. That night, the Pontianak supposedly emerges from the tree with a nail in its neck and will become your loyal ghost waifu for life, or until the nail is removed by you or a third party. Then she'll most likely kill and eat you.

Actually live in the area that's about, outside of Huntsville. And yeah, skinwalkers and other Native American shapeshifters are a definite lasting creature feature of the Southeast.

We also have the Raven Mocker thanks to the old Cherokee legacy in our state, an invisible witch that kills the dying or ill without leaving a mark and consumes their heart in order to gain whatever remaining time their victim had left on the earth. Sometimes you can see them as a withered old man or woman, but only someone with good medicine can see them feeding and curse them to die. When you hear the sound of a raven at night, you know someone would soon die.

And then more locally, my little town had a lady called the Red Widow. Almost a hundred years ago when it was nothing more than a little farming community, an absolutely beautiful red-headed woman came to town and married a farmer. He died mysteriously seven years later, and soon she'd married anew. Each time she married, her husband died seven years later, and she never seemed to age. Almost fifty years later, one husband managed to escape his fate, running away from the house in the middle of the night and stumbling into the grave she'd already dug for him. Fetching the county sheriff, they returned to the house onto see it engulf with flames as earth opened up and Hell swallowed her back down. The burnt-out remains of the farmhouse are still there, and they ended up finding a dozen or so bodies buried behind the house.

Two I can think of.
>Wampus cat
A 8 foot long cat with six legs that only comes out on full moon and jumps on your back from trees
>Skunkape
Basically just a yeti that smells really bad, and lives in swamps or wetlands

Busy day at work, picture will have to do

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauk_Monster

Guarani myths are pretty rad

I haven't heard any have some indian creatures

Wisakatchakwa: Wisakatchekwa is the benevolent culture hero of Miami and Illinois myths (sometimes referred to as a "transformer" by folklorists.) His name is pronounced similar to wih-sah-kah-chuck-wah. Wisakatchekwa is the same character as the Cree Wesakechak and shares some similarities with other Algonquian heroes such as the Wabanaki Gluskap, and Anishinabe Nanaboozhoo; many of the same stories are told in different Algonquian tribes with only the identity of the protagonist differing.

Kichi Manetowa (also spelled Kiche Manit8a and several other ways.) This means "Great Spirit" in the Miami-Illinois language, and is the Illini name for the Creator (God.) Kiche Manetowa is a divine spirit with no human form or attributes (including gender) and is never personified in Illini legends. The name is pronounced similar to kih-chih mah-neh-taw-ah.

Thunder Beings (Ciinkwia): Powerful storm spirits that live in the sky and cause thunder and lightning. Although they are associated with birds, particularly in artwork, Thunder Beings are described as having human form in most Illinois legends.

Manetowa: A fearsome horned serpent that lurks in lakes and rivers and eats people. The only thing they fear is thunder, for the Thunder Beings are their sworn enemies and have the ability to strike them dead with thunderbolts.

Paisake: Magical little people of the forest, similar to European gnomes or fairies. In most Illinois stories, the Little People are portrayed as mischievous but generally benign nature spirits, who may play tricks on people but are not dangerous.

True Tiger (Lenapizha, also known as Real Lynx): A powerful underwater monster resembling a giant lynx with antlers and armored scales, which lurks in deep water and causes people to drown.

Don't forget that Little People are also responsible for the Cherokee that didn't end up in the rez. According to legend, some Cherokee were warned by the Little People just before the Trail of Tears and force migration drove the Cherokee from their lands. Only a few listened to the Little People and hide under the earth, while the rest were rounded up and forced west.

Swede here

>Hustomte/nisse (House gnome)
It's a small humanoid that looks basically like a miniature santa (allthough preceding the modern version). It lives in parallell with people, traditionally every farmhouse had one. If you are kind to it, by setting out oatmeal or other foods for it to eat and respect its personal quirks it will protect your house and household whereas if you don't treat him the way it think it deserves it will become a hassle in your daily life by souring the milk and making the live stock ill etc. IIRC it views itself as the real owner of the house and sees the people living there as tenants.

>Näcken (The Nude one)
Looking like a beautiful naked young man this being lures women and girls to ponds where it spellsbounds them with magic and drowns them.

>Skogsvrån (Forest Nymph(?))
This being looks like a beautiful young maiden from the front but her back appears like that of an old hollowed out tree. In some versions she also has a tail. She always tries her best not to show her back to any humans. She appears to men on the edge of the forest and tries to lure them away into the deep woods. The men that go with her are never seen again.

First heard about this one from my Aunt in backwoods British Columbia.

The Tailypo is usually described as being the size of a dog, with yellow or red eyes, pointed ears and a long tail. In some versions of the folktale, it has tufted ears like a bobcat. It is covered in black or dark brown fur to camouflage its nocturnal activities. Its claws are its main weapon.

The Tailypo can speak like a man, and demands the return of its tail (the actual phrase varies between versions, but is always repeated, usually three times): "Taily-po, Taily-po...who has my Taily-po..."

The picture of the hugag reminds me of an interesting fact. The basic concept of the critter is literally ancient. If you've read Julius Caesar's (yes, that Julius Caesar) accounts of his campaign in Gallia, he at one poitn describes the local animals, largely based on the descriptions given by the local people who seem to have been playing some jokes on him. When describing the moose, Caesar mentions that according to the locals a moose has no knees, and must rest by laying itself next to a tree because it wouldn't be able to get up if it lay on the ground. To hunt a moose, a hunter must cut a tree almost all the way through, so that when the moose lays against it the tree falls down and the moose gets knocked over. This is exactly how the American lumberjacks' tall tales describe hunting the hugag.

In the Dane Hills near Leicester there's a fairly famous legend, that of Black Annis, a child-eating hag who was supposed to have lived in a cave there called Black Annis's Bower. Considering I live closeish I've often considered making a pilgrimage there, but apparently it's all been built on now, so no sign of her bower, and it's apparently a fairly rough area. Maybe some day.

Aside from that, of course, a little further afield there's famous old Robin Hood. Not a mythical creature, but still a popular legend.

Oh, and I forgot to add, there's an article here by the Mercian pagan magazine which describes it in a lot more depth than I could.

whitedragon.org.uk/articles/blackann.htm

Everyone knows about Koschei the Deathless and Russian spirits like domovoi and leshiy, but here's an obscure one for you.

Pharaonkas/Pharaonki are basically undead merfolk who live under the sea. They are the descendants of Egyptian troops who chased Moses and ended up drowning in the Red Sea. They are cursed to wander the sea in their grotesque forms until the Doomsday when they can meet their Pharaoh again. When the weather is calm, they can be seen jumping out of the water, crying "Our Lord Pharaoh has drowned!" Sometimes pharaonki attack and eat people. When pharaonki attack the ships of the living, they ask if the Doomsday is coming soon. If told yes, they become joyful and leave in peace. If told no, they get triggered and sink the ship.

There you go, a culture of Ancient Egyptian undead merfolk for your next campaign.

Speaking of Koschei, Russian bogatyrs had a pretty interesting rogue gallery. Aside from Koschei and Gorynych, you also have Solovei-Razboinik (The Songbird Bandit), a brigand who hid in a tree waiting for travelers to ambush, attacking with deadly sonic whistling, or Tugarin Zmeyevich (Tugarin Serpent's Son), an evil bogatyr who rode a black dragon or a fire-breathing flying horse.

>Long Island.
People used to think the natives here were driven out by literal old gods living under the pine barrens before it was settled. Apparently the entire thing would catch fire almost yearly.

Not much else to go on in really all of New York. that, the great gatsby, almost everyone being descendant from either Jewish or Italian mob, and all the decapitated corpses that keep popping up in suburban parks, is really all we have going for us.

...

Good thread

Western Maryland has a beast called the Snallygaster. Its a weird hybrid of reptile,bird,and tentacles that sucks your blood and hates stars with seven points. I think it was made up by Germans.

I think this state also has a Bunnyman but really who doesn't?

>witte wieven
Ever since the neo-lithic era we've had dolmen in our country, there's some mystery to them and their contruction and they were subject to some superstition. The wisps of mist surrounding them at night were thought to be the ghosts of witches, linked directly to hell. Those are the witte wieven. They'd sometimes also haunt other kinds of burial mounds.

>kabouter
Basically the same as a Nisse, it's sometimes translated as gnome. But unless it's a magical caretaker it's very un-kabouter-like.

>vrouw holle
Lady holle, the white lady or the black gran. A bit wider known than just the Netherlands (she's in the grimm fairytales). Think if mother nature was also the ambassador to hell. If she's more evil she might be referred to by the name Schele Guurte (cross-eyed Guurte) and she'll trap you in her inn for 7 hours on the inside while 7 years go by on the outside and after that turn you into a cat. Also, I think if she favors you the witte wieven don't touch you or something?

>buckriders
Extra famous as their imagery was appropiated by a crime syndicate in the 18th century. Supposedly men who sold their soul to the devil and swore to do evil got this totally sick-ass goat-summoning power. They're to a warlock what a paladin is to a cleric I guess.

regardless if true or not, a very good spooky story

I don't have much to say. came from southern ontario and spent some decent time up innawood near algonquin, so I'm aware of a lot of the aboriginal folklore. never been deep enough to run across a wendigo or anything like it.

creepiest experience i had was with the fact that the farmhouse we own as a weekend place had someone die of a heart attack on his hundredth birthday in my room. On night i woke up on the bottom bunk of my bunk bed with the feeling of ice cold air on my face and a scratching at the bed frame under me. Door was closed and locked and I had checked for cats beforehand, and besides this felt too big to be a cat. Lasted a few minutes then stopped.

Did not sleep for the rest of the night.

>all the decapitated corpses that keep popping up in suburban parks, is really all we have going for us.

A guy who owned a house down the street from me killed himself because he was the prime suspect in a string of Craigslist prostitute murders a couple of years ago. They kept finding them on the beach. Dude was like a millionaire.

LI is hiding some weird shit sometimes.

Also a friend of mine who lives near the pine barrens has, on more than one occasion, heard of mutilated bodies turning up in the woods like, half a mile from his house. Once in a refrigerator.

Not him, but she's just called Bloody Mary. Playing Bloody Mary is a common sleep over tradition.

Basically, you take turns egging the inner people in to complete the ritual. Tension builds units everyone chickens out, or someone does it, and another person tries to scare them afterwards.

When I grew up the only ones I really heard if where the hodag, and be the Mad Gasser of Nation.

Out in rural Alabama north of Huntsville, we had a series of murders a few years back. An entire extended family was wiped out in a few days, spanning multiple states. One of the dude's that was murdered was found in a burning vehicle far from where he lived, but his face had been sliced off and tossed in a dumpster in a random apartment building in Huntsville.

Okay, so I did some research when I got home and apparently the Piasa bird is an interpretation of the Illini True Tiger.

We seem to live within a state of eachother.

It'd be more fun if you could pin this on the goatman or some such forest spook, but unfortunately that old "the real monster is man" gag is to blame for this one.

Welcome to Long Island, proud home to old white guys in sail boats that live like a jimmy buffet song, and one of the most deadly cartels in America that no one is actually doing anything about.

Growing up where I did there were allways stories of the Grey Lady who was a ghost who supposedly haunted a neerby castle.

The story go's that she was one of King Charles the first's many mistresses and became pregnant and had a son at a time when he was at war with King Louis the XIII, she fell foul of the king who accused her of being a spy for the french court and that the birth of their son was part of a greater plan to usurp his throne, this led to the child being murderd at the kings command and herself sentenced to hang for her alleged cimes.

now her spirit walks the the halls of the old worn down ruin of a castle crying out for her murdered child.

That thing doesn't look like the kind of monster that would go around murdering and eating people and shit, but more the kind of monster that would lurk in alleyways and try to sell drugs to people and just be a general creep

Is being a red head a tell tale of being part fey or something?
The ijanas, than have a big titty and are sweethooted, are a bunch of trickster red head beings of the cantabrian myths. Not good or bad, simply they like to fuck with people (literally and figuratively) and make fun of priests.
And steal, specially sweet things but meat and cold cuts are another thing they love.

Poterchata: miscarried children who ambush people at swamps by luring them with small lights.

I'm noticing some certain patterns reading what everybodies posted:

-All corners of Europe seem to be infested with all manner of small feyish creatures: goblins, gnomes, borrowers, brownies, redcaps, pixies, sprites, etc.. Just all sorts of small or tiny humanoids that make a living being inside peoples home or fucking with people.
Except river women/nymphs, there's a lot of "woman or gorgeous guy wot lives by a body of water and drowns/fucks people" stories coming out of northern and eastern Europe.

-But then you have america and it's mostly just full of cryptids or fantastical animals with the occasional horrifying native american ghost that /out/ and others are still legitimately afraid of.

What exactly is that all about?

Horrible man eating monsters are common as fuck in Europe, like all kinds of Ghosts too. I can only speak for Spain tough.
You have man eating giants like the Tragaldabas, Zamparrón, Papu, Gargantua (be the basques, and linked with the French book) Zarrampla, tragaldabas etc than seem to be linked to the same being, then other giants like the marmajor,the Ojancano/a or the Gentilak than are more like Wild men, then you have giant monkeys like the Simiot of the Pyrenees etc.
People isn't spooked be them that much because first, Yurop doesn't have that much wild places like america,it's a lot more urbanized and its hard to spooke teenagers when the forest you are in has plenty of trails and you can see the lights of the towns near with ease, at most you have to run a few km to get in a safe place unless you are in bum fuck nowere in the mountains.
And also lots of the monsters are remembered for folk celebration like city days or whatever, and are made to appeal kids.

In Southeast Asia, the most feared are the pontianak/kunti/langsuir.
The pontianak are said to be the spirit of a woman who died in labour but some argue that they are the spirit of the unborn child animating the corpse/taking the form of the mother.

Pontianaks are usually depicted as pale-skinned women with long black hair, red eyes, and white dress smeared in blood, but they are said to be able to take on a beautiful humanly appearance.

In folklore, a pontianak arises at full moon and announces her presence through high-pitched baby cries. If the cry is soft, it means that the pontianak is near, and if it is loud, then she must be far. Some believe that if ones hears a dog howling at night, that means the pontianak is far, but if a dog is whining, that means the pontianak is nearby. Her presence can sometimes be detected by a nice floral fragrance identifiable as that of the plumeria, followed by an awful stench (resembling that of a decaying body) afterwards. The Indian version, the Churail, can be identified by her feet turning backwards just before her transformation into her vampiric form.

A pontianak kills her victims by digging into their stomach with her sharp fingernails and devouring their body organs. In some cases where the pontianak desires revenge against a male individual, the beast rips out the body organs with her hands. It is said that if one has his or eyes open when a pontianak is near, she will suck them out of the victim's head. Pontianak locates her preys/victims by sniffing out the hanging laundry outside.

Their favourite targets are pregnant/menstruating women, infants and babies

>The ijanas, than have a big titty and are sweethooted, are a bunch of trickster red head beings of the cantabrian myths. Not good or bad, simply they like to fuck with people (literally and figuratively) and make fun of priests.

>Female creatures of Cantabrian (northern Spain) folklore, they live in caves, are always naked, and have breasts so long, that to walk they must put them over their shoulders.

I'm using this.
This isn't even the first species of Nymph I've read about that had to throw their breasts over their shoulder to run. I remember hearing about some vaguely Eastern European River Nymph having large breasts "like bags of flour" that they'd throw over their shoulders to run.

I like using Nymphs and I'm using that.

Boi-tatá (Portuguese pronunciation: [bojtaˈta]) is the Brazilian equivalent of the will-o'-the-wisp.[27] Regionally it is called Boitatá, Baitatá, Batatá, Bitatá, Batatão, Biatatá, M'boiguaçu, Mboitatá and Mbaê-Tata. The name comes from the Old Tupi language and means "fiery serpent" (mboî tatá). Its great fiery eyes leave it almost blind by day, but by night, it can see everything. According to legend, Boi-tatá was a big serpent which survived a great deluge. A "boiguaçu" (a cave anaconda) left its cave after the deluge and, in the dark, went through the fields preying on the animals and corpses, eating exclusively its favorite morsel, the eyes. The collected light from the eaten eyes gave "Boitatá" its fiery gaze. Not really a dragon but a giant snake (in the native language, "boa" or "mboi" or "mboa").

Manananggal

Manananggal is an aswang that can fly after separating itself from the lower half of its body. It eats babies and fetuses from a mother's womb by means of passing their long tongue through a small hole from the roof of a house. The sharp end of the tongue touches the mother's navel to suck the blood of the fetus or unborn child. This creature's name was derived from the Filipino word, tanggal, which means "to separate" because of the manananggal's ability to separate itself from its lower body.

A manananggal can also be a sorceress that visits villages and barrios. To feed, the self-segmenter chooses an isolated place where she will leave her lower torso while she hunts at night. When she separates from her lower torso, she then gains her ability to fly. She then goes off in search of houses where pregnant women reside. Upon choosing a suitable victim, the manananggal alights on the house and inserts her tongue through the roof. The tongue is long, hollow and extremely flexible. She uses it to puncture the womb of the sleeping woman and to suck out the fetus. At other times, she seduces men with her beauty and lures them to a private place before eating them alive. She usually eats the insides, like the heart, stomach or the liver. Sunlight is deadly to the manananggal when she is in her monstrous form.If her two halves are still separate with the coming of dawn, she will be destroyed. According to legend, to destroy the manananggal, one should search for the lower torso that she leaves behind during her nightly hunts. Salt, ash, and/or garlic should then be placed on the exposed flesh, preventing the monster from combining again and leaving it vulnerable to sunlight. Small containers of salt, ash and raw rice, and the smell of burning rubber are said to deter the manananggal from approaching one's house.

Tikbalang or tigbalang (demon horse) is a half-man and half-horse creature. It has a horse's head, the body of a human but with the feet of the horse. It travels at night to rape female mortals. The raped women will then give birth to more tikbalang. They are also believed to cause travelers to lose their way particularly in mountainous or forest areas. Tikbalang are very playful with people, and they usually make a person imagine things that aren't real. Sometimes a tikbalang will drive a person crazy. It is said that a person can render the Tikbalang’s tricks futile somehow by wearing their shirt inside out. One can avoid the tikbalang all together by just keeping quiet or by asking politely to pass it by.

The tikbalang is not particularly dangerous to humans though and it can even be tamed. Legends say that when rain falls while the sun is shining, a pair of tikbalang are being wed. Since horses only arrived in the Philippine archipelago during the Spanish colonization (thus, the borrowed term 'kabayo'), there is a theory that the image of a half-horse, half-man creature was propagated by the conquistadors to keep the natives afraid of the night. There are stories claiming that the tikbalang are actually half-bird, half-man creatures, much like the Japanese tengu.

Here in Virginia we have a couple things called the goatman and the bunny man, they seem to be the same thing really. A creature with the head and legs of a goat wearing old furs and weilding an axe, it likes to chop people up and lives under bridges and overpasses.


Kinda like a troll when I think of it.

There's also the Germanic Kornfrau (i probably butchered the spelling), a trollish being with iron breast that pour molten iron, she carries them over her shoulders and either knocks you out with them or kills you by forcebreastfeeding. I think there's several varieties of iron breasted monster around Austrian area. Can't imagine what the symbolic importance of throwing them over their shoulders is.

The Gatto Mammone (cannot be properly translated, maybe the closest thing is Mammon Cat). Basically a giant, demonic cat that roams the countryside and has fun scaring cattle and young maidens. It seem shis origin goes back to the Phoenician god Maimon, or ancient egypt, and used to have more positive traits. Christianity turned it into a evil demon.
Someone thinks that the Cheshire Cat from Alice in Wonderland took some of it inspiration from this creature

Kentucky has something similar, called the Pope Lick Monster.

The wendigo is not, properly apeaking, a living animal - that is, it is neither alive nor truly an animal. A sort of revenant, it is said wendigo are born when people consume the flesh of their fellow man. This so offends the gods that they are cursed, their hunger consuming them, twisting the bodies even as it kills them. Death, however, is not the end for a wendigo - it lives on after a fashion, gorging itself, constantly starving, mad and vicious.

A wendigo resembles a man, or the corpse of a man, impossibly starved. Most claim that it shows some bestial traits - fangs, claws, sometimes even a muzzle - but how much of this is exaggerated by its deathly appearance is hard to say. They tend to be clad in tatters, though this seems more by accident than design. All agree that a wendigo is incredibly strong despite its gaunt appearance, able to smash bone and carve flesh bare-handed. They are swift, and some trackers claim they can leap incredible distances or even fly. Considering how few people are willing to hunt a wendigo, this is hard to confirm.

The behavior of these beasts is uniform across most stories. The wendigo emerges into the world during the coldest parts of winter. It stalks hunters and travellers, as well as isolated villages, anecdotally favoring those plagued with starvation. It kills and consumes men, women, and children whereever it can, favoring surprise and targeting the isolated. Its presence is heralded by an unnatural cold, such that it can literally freeze the blood. Often the remains of its victims are found frozen solid.

>Tarantasio
Basically a dragon believed to live in a lake near the town of Lodi, Italy. It was believed to eat children, capsize fishing boats and breath some sort of venom or poisonous gas that caused those afflicted by it to contract yellow fever

More fantastical tales attribute greater intelligence and sadism to the wendigo, talking of how it will chase or lead pursuers at an impossible rate until the victim is left staggering on bloody stumps. It abandons such unfortunates to their fate, disguising itself as them and seeking out their comrades. A wendigo disguised as a human is imperfect in its behavior, prone to strange expressions and inappropriate laughter, as well as vapid echoing of others and a strong, rotten animal smell. Those who assign this ability to the wendigo express confusion as to its motive, as it seems to primary indulge in frightening its victims, supposedly nabbing the occasional isolated individual before disappearing again.

The Yowie. Not just a toy containing confectionery. The Yowie or Yahoo is the hairy man of the Australian bush, like Sasquatch or the Yeti. Like those two it's thought to be make believe. Most sightings where seen in the bush. But heirs a couple accounts of it or them being seen closer to civilization. One bloke even said he found a small one in his garage.

>a trollish being with iron breast that pour molten iron, she carries them over her shoulders and either knocks you out with them or kills you by forcebreastfeeding.

That's the most horrifying thing I've read in this thread so far, that's genuinely awful.

It's nothing special, but in the past couple of years there's been a story popping up among the local hunters about a turkey with one white tail feather they've named Pincushion. Apparently, the first first few of times that it was spotted, the hunters swear up and down that they hit it, but couldn't kill it, hence the name.

Man what is it with america and axe weilding goatmen? What is it about the USA that makes satyrs go mad?

How would you feel, if you had a goat dick?

American woman are more difficult to rape than in the old country

Yeah, can't rape the willing.

That's spooky, sounds like Na Maria enganxa, a water woman than use a hook to get infants into water wells, cisterns etc.