There are canonical books in physics, in the sense that everyone knows them, but not at that level. The basic mechanics and electrostatics are the same in every book. I learned them from Serway+Jewett in high school, which I liked. Other books that are probably good but I haven't looked at are Freedman+Young and the first Feynman lecture.
Here are the standard books as far as I'm aware and confident in, along with some opinions.
For classical mechanics, the standards are Landau+Lifshitz or Goldstein. I used Goldstein, which is nice because the relevant material for quantum is contained in chapters 1,2,8. But Goldstein is pretty bad so I'd use LL instead. An unknown book that's very good is Calkin, but its perspective might be too high at this stage.
For electricity and magnetism, the standard undergrad book is Griffiths, the standard graduate book is Jackson. They are both good. Though I haven't really needed much of Jackson.
For special relativity there is no standard but I highly recommend Schutz's general relativity book. Great discussion of both special relativity and tensors and how physicists use them.
For quantum mechanics the standard undergrad book is Griffiths, the graduate book is Sakurai. Both are bad in different ways. Griffiths is too basic and Sakurai died before actually writing the book(this shows). I recommend using Shankar and Cohen-Tannoudji instead. Although pieces of Sakurai are good but just not as a whole.
For quantum field theory the standard book for particle physics is Peskin+Schroeder to start, and Weinberg for a full treatment. They are good. Some other books are Srednicki, Zee(mostly bad), Lahiri/Pal(easy), Tong(notes, easy), Mandl/Shaw(old), Ryder(bad). I don't know much about condensed matter so I'm not sure if Zinn-Justin is standard but it is very good.
For general relativity the standard is MTW or Wald. They are both good, my preference is Wald.
Canonical 1st Year Physics Book
Anthony Anderson