Recently, I made a very detailed study of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, which is a lengthy and intriguing historical record of ancient Egpytian mathematics. My interest in doing this has been to learn a bit more about the history of mathematics - both aspects of that phrase.
To complete the project, I recently did a massive overhaul of the wiki, adding most of the bottom stuff, especially the "content" section. If anyone would be interested in seriously reading it or skimming through it, I would appreciate readers. The long "content" section is all me.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus
The document dates around the end of the middle kingdom, and the beginning of the second intermediary period. using this one primary document as a data point, I've come to a few tentative conclusions:
Learned Egyptians (or at least, this one scribe) were great at doing arithmetic with fractions. They had enough number sense to do this to a high degree of precision. Furthermore, they were very good at dimensional analysis, which is how you convert among various units of measurement.
Egyptian math scratched the surface of both number theory and trigonometry, due to the rather famous meme "pyramid" problems, which are real historical items. I now like to think that they were doing "primordial" versions of both, but not really doing either one as-such.
However, their failings were threefold: they were obsessed with Egyptian fractional representation of numbers, which is incredibly tedious and inefficient, since what you usually want when doing arithmetic with fracitons in modern terms is to find common denominators. It's not that Egyptians couldn't do this, but they insisted on expressing a final answer in terms with multiple uncommon denominators, a tedium. Second, they (the scribe anyway) seem to have the right ideas about certain geometric rules, but they frequently get confused concerning such, in the present document anyway.